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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1798 |
| | | Napoleon, with distinguished scientists in his fleet, sails to invade Egypt | |
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| 1798 |
| | | Napoleon's campaign in Egypt begins well with the Battle of the Pyramids, a victory over an Egyptian army | |
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| 1798 |
| | | Disaster strikes the French in Egypt when Nelson finds their fleet in Aboukir Bay and destroys it in the Battle of the Nile | |
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| 1799 |
| | | Napoleon's soldiers discover a black basalt slab, the Rosetta Stone, near the village of Rashid in Egypt | |
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| 1799 |
| | | Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity | |
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| 1811 |
| | | All but one of 300 Mameluke guests are assassinated during an entertainment by Muhammad Ali in Cairo | |
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| 1822 |
| | | Egyptian hieroglyphs are deciphered by French Egyptologist Jean François Champollion, using the Rosetta stone | |
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| 1840 |
| | | Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt | |
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